Hello and welcome to HCM. Thank you for your query. Let me try my best to help. Starting with how a urine infection is diagnosed. This is with the help of a urine analysis, which at times cannot provide substantial information to diagnose the patient with a urinary tract infection (UTI). Thus, this has to be clinically correlated and followed up with a urine culture examination. This investigation will help confirm the presence of a UTI as well as provide information on the most suitable antibiotic that can be used to treat the condition. Next, coming to your brothers complaint of frequent UTIs. Recurrent UTIs almost always have some underlying cause. Thus, we will have to find the cause to recurrent episodes of UTI. Treating the episodes of UTI makes no sense when we know there is an underlying cause which is going to lead to a recurrence of the UTI. Thus, treat the cause. This can be diagnosed/ruled out with the help of a few investigations like an abdominal and pelvic ultrasound and sexually transmitted disease profile. Also a glycemic profile will also help, as recurrent UTIs are also seen in patients with diabetes. Treatment of a UTI includes antibiotic therapy, pain management medication (if pain or discomfort is present) and a potassium chloride based solution which will give symptom relief. In the meantime, please ask your brother to consume plenty of water and cranberry juice, which has shown to have added benefits. I hope I have succeeded in providing the information you were looking for. Please feel free to write back to me for any further clarifications. I would gladly help you. Best wishes.